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Pañcāṅga refers to the five limbs of time. The quality of time is defined by the pañcāṅga and these are ruled by the pañca devatā – Sūrya (agni), Durgā (jala), Gaṇeśa (pṛthvi), Rudra (vāyu) and Viṣṇu (ākāśa). The knowledge associated with these five limbs of time are symbolised by the five heads of Śiva (pañcānana) – Aghora (agni), Vāmadeva (jala), Sadyojāta (pṛthvi), Tatpuruṣa (vāyu) and Iśāna (ākāśa).
The head refers to understanding and knowledge coming from lights – Sun and Moon.
Vāra | Weekday | Agni | Solar day | Sun |
Nakṣatra | Constellation | Vāyu | Lunar Day | Moon |
Tithi | Moon Phase | Jala | Luni-solar day | Sun – Moon |
Karaṇa | ½ Moon Phase | Pṛthvi | Earth day | (Sun – Moon) ÷2 |
Ākāśa | Ākāśa | Yoga day | Sun + Moon |